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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Pharmacophore</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pharmacophorejournal.com</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pharmacophore</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Pharmacophore</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2229-5402</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">pharmacophorejournal.com-6864</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51847/ALiZV6iSqX</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original research</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predicting Lyophilized Biologic Collapse Temperature Using Formulation, Thermal, Freezing, and Moisture Data</article-title>
      </title-group>
                    <contrib-group>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Walker</surname>
                <given-names>James</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                                            <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp" />
                          </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Harris</surname>
                <given-names>Olivia</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                  </contrib-group>
                  <aff id="aff1">
            <label>1</label>Department of Computational Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
          </aff>
                          <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
              <bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. Wael Abu Dayyih, Department of
              Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan.
                              E-mail: <email xlink:href="james.walker@gmail.com">james.walker@gmail.com</email>
                          </corresp>
          </author-notes>
                    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>16</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>10</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>
          Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Pharmacophore
        </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"
            specific-use="textmining" content-type="ccbyncsalicense">
            https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
            the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
            others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate
            credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>A<sc>BSTRACT</sc></title>
        <p>Collapse of a lyophilized cake is a severe failure mode for biologic products because it compromises structure, appearance, and downstream usability. Collapse temperature is difficult to measure experimentally and is governed by interacting formulation and process variables. Formulation scientists lack a rapid quantitative tool for predicting collapse temperature from routinely collected development information. Current decisions often rely on empirical rules, limited thermal measurements, and small numbers of freeze-drying microscopy observations. The objective of this predictive model article is to describe a machine learning framework for estimating collapse temperature in lyophilized biologic formulations. The model is intended to use formulation composition, thermal analysis, freezing-process descriptors, and residual-moisture information. A gradient-boosted regression framework is proposed for learning relationships among protein concentration, excipient composition, glass-transition behavior, cooling history, annealing conditions, and residual moisture. The workflow emphasizes curated inputs, physicochemically meaningful feature engineering, uncertainty-aware prediction, and interpretability. Conceptually, the model would be expected to support collapse-temperature prediction across protein–excipient combinations without replacing experimental confirmation. It could rank formulation variables by their influence on collapse risk and guide in-silico screening before targeted freeze-drying microscopy. A predictive collapse-temperature tool could accelerate biologic lyophilization development by connecting formulation design with process-risk assessment. Such a model is aligned with quality-by-design thinking because it converts scattered development observations into actionable formulation and cycle-design knowledge.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
                <kwd>Lyophilization</kwd>
                <kwd>Collapse temperature</kwd>
                <kwd>Biologics</kwd>
                <kwd>Machine learning</kwd>
                <kwd>Formulation design</kwd>
                <kwd>Thermal analysis</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>