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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Pharmacophore</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pharmacophorejournal.com</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pharmacophore</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Pharmacophore</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2229-5402</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">pharmacophorejournal.com-6854</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51847/DPN1uRuBbP</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original research</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predicting Severe Drug–Drug Interactions Using Polypharmacy, Pharmacokinetic Pathways, and Adverse Event Reports</article-title>
      </title-group>
                    <contrib-group>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Nakamura</surname>
                <given-names>Hiroshi</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                                            <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp" />
                          </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Kato</surname>
                <given-names>Yuta</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                  </contrib-group>
                  <aff id="aff1">
            <label>1</label>Department of Intelligent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
          </aff>
                          <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
              <bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. Wael Abu Dayyih, Department of
              Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan.
                              E-mail: <email xlink:href="hiroshi.nakamura@outlook.com">hiroshi.nakamura@outlook.com</email>
                          </corresp>
          </author-notes>
                    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>16</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>43</fpage>
      <lpage>52</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>
          Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Pharmacophore
        </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"
            specific-use="textmining" content-type="ccbyncsalicense">
            https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
            the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
            others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate
            credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>A<sc>BSTRACT</sc></title>
        <p>Severe drug–drug interactions remain a major source of preventable patient harm and healthcare burden. Conventional systems often rely on static pairwise interaction tables and therefore struggle to reflect the complexity of real-world polypharmacy. Existing prediction tools insufficiently integrate pharmacokinetic mechanisms, spontaneous adverse event evidence, and the patient’s full medication context. This gap can contribute to both missed severe interactions and excessive low-priority alerts. The objective is to develop a conceptual machine learning model that predicts the severity of a potential drug–drug interaction for a given drug pair or multi-drug regimen. The model would use features derived from polypharmacy exposure, pharmacokinetic pathway overlap, and real-world adverse event reports. A gradient-boosted classification model would be constructed using structured predictors that represent concomitant drug burden, CYP450 and transporter pathway overlap, and pharmacovigilance signal measures from FAERS or VigiBase. The target label would represent serious clinical consequences such as hospitalization, death, or other medically significant outcomes. Conceptually, the model could identify severe interactions that are incompletely represented in standard compendia, particularly when risk emerges from multi-drug exposure rather than a single pairwise mechanism. It would also provide an interpretable decomposition of risk across pharmacokinetic, polypharmacy, and real-world evidence components. A severity-focused predictive model could support safer prescribing by prioritizing clinically urgent interactions for review. Such an approach could reduce alert fatigue by distinguishing high-concern interaction signals from lower-severity flags.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
                <kwd>Drug–drug interaction prediction</kwd>
                <kwd>Polypharmacy</kwd>
                <kwd>Pharmacovigilance</kwd>
                <kwd>Pharmacokinetics</kwd>
                <kwd>FAERS</kwd>
                <kwd>Machine learning</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>