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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Pharmacophore</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pharmacophorejournal.com</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pharmacophore</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Pharmacophore</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2229-5402</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">pharmacophorejournal.com-6976</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51847/LZB9kLxouu</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original research</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Multimodal Generative Artificial Intelligence beyond Molecule Creation: A Scoping Review of Therapeutic Design across Data Modalities</article-title>
      </title-group>
                    <contrib-group>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Hassan</surname>
                <given-names>Ali</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                                            <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp" />
                          </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Siddiqui</surname>
                <given-names>Noor</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Khan</surname>
                <given-names>Bilal</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Malik</surname>
                <given-names>Sana</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff">3</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Ali</surname>
                <given-names>Hassan</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff4" ref-type="aff">4</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                  </contrib-group>
                  <aff id="aff1">
            <label>1</label>Department of Multimodal Generative AI for Therapeutic Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff2">
            <label>2</label>Department of Beyond-Molecule-Creation AI, Faculty of Pharmacy, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff3">
            <label>3</label>Department of Multi-Modality Drug Design, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff4">
            <label>4</label>Department of Therapeutic Design across Modalities, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
          </aff>
                          <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
              <bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. Wael Abu Dayyih, Department of
              Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan.
                              E-mail: <email xlink:href="ali.hassan@aku.edu.pk">ali.hassan@aku.edu.pk</email>
                          </corresp>
          </author-notes>
                    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>17</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>104</fpage>
      <lpage>114</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>
          Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Pharmacophore
        </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"
            specific-use="textmining" content-type="ccbyncsalicense">
            https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
            the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
            others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate
            credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>A<sc>BSTRACT</sc></title>
        <p>Generative artificial intelligence in pharmaceutical science is commonly evaluated through its capacity to create novel molecular structures, yet therapeutic design depends on a wider evidence environment that includes protein sequence and conformation, cellular and multi-omics states, biomedical images, scientific text, target context, and experimental observations. The resulting literature is heterogeneous in terminology, model architecture, generated output, conditioning strategy, and validation depth, making conventional effect synthesis inappropriate and encouraging potentially misleading comparisons between representation learning, prediction, generation, and therapeutic development. This scoping review maps how multimodal generative approaches are defined, implemented, and evaluated across pharmaceutical data modalities. The review uses transparent eligibility, study-selection, data-charting, and terminology-mapping principles to distinguish modality integration from cross-modal generation and to separate demonstrated model capability from benchmark performance, experimental confirmation, translational value, and routine pharmaceutical readiness. The synthesis identifies a field with comparatively mature methods for molecular generation, emerging experimental evidence for protein design, developing applications in perturbational omics, and primarily enabling roles for biomedical images and scientific text. It further distinguishes conditioning, alignment, fusion, and cross-modal decoding as related but non-equivalent operations. An original review-derived taxonomy and evidence-maturity interpretation are proposed to organize these approaches; neither is presented as empirically validated. Major limitations include narrow reference datasets, inconsistent definitions of validation, limited external testing, weak causal grounding, sparse negative evidence, and insufficient connection between computational outputs and prospective therapeutic decisions. Multimodal generative systems may broaden therapeutic design beyond molecule creation, but their scientific value remains conditional on claim-matched evaluation, experimentally grounded validation, transparent provenance, and explicit boundaries between computational plausibility and pharmaceutical usefulness.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
                <kwd>Multimodal artificial intelligence</kwd>
                <kwd>Generative models</kwd>
                <kwd>Therapeutic design</kwd>
                <kwd>Drug discovery</kwd>
                <kwd>Protein design</kwd>
                <kwd>Multi-omics</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>