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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Pharmacophore</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pharmacophorejournal.com</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pharmacophore</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Pharmacophore</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2229-5402</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">pharmacophorejournal.com-6957</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51847/hh5s4yLm1O</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original research</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>From Molecule to Patient: Learning Formulation Behavior across Material, Dosage-Form, Physiological, and Exposure Scales</article-title>
      </title-group>
                    <contrib-group>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Sani</surname>
                <given-names>Adamu</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                                            <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp" />
                          </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Nwachukwu</surname>
                <given-names>Grace</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Ogunleye</surname>
                <given-names>Kehinde</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff3" ref-type="aff">3</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Ajayi</surname>
                <given-names>Bola</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff4" ref-type="aff">4</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                  </contrib-group>
                  <aff id="aff1">
            <label>1</label>Department of Multi-Scale Formulation Modeling, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff2">
            <label>2</label>Department of Material and Dosage-Form Behavior, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff3">
            <label>3</label>Department of Physiological and Exposure Scale Learning, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Abeokuta, Nigeria.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff4">
            <label>4</label>Department of Formulation-to-Patient Translation, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.
          </aff>
                          <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
              <bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. Wael Abu Dayyih, Department of
              Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan.
                              E-mail: <email xlink:href="adamu.sani@abu.edu.ng">adamu.sani@abu.edu.ng</email>
                          </corresp>
          </author-notes>
                    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>16</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>81</fpage>
      <lpage>90</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>
          Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Pharmacophore
        </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"
            specific-use="textmining" content-type="ccbyncsalicense">
            https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
            the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
            others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate
            credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>A<sc>BSTRACT</sc></title>
        <p>Pharmaceutical formulation behavior is commonly evaluated through isolated measures such as molecular solubility, physical stability, dissolution, release, permeability, or systemic exposure. These measures are scientifically useful, but none independently represents the sequence of transformations through which a formulated drug becomes an absorbed and systemically distributed entity. The unresolved problem is therefore not simply how to predict individual formulation attributes, but how to learn the conditional relationships connecting molecular properties, excipient interactions, material organization, dosage-form transformation, physiological transport, absorption, and exposure. This article proposes a Molecule-to-Patient Formulation Learning Model as an original multiscale pharmaceutics construct. The model represents formulation performance as a series of connected, time-dependent states rather than as a direct mapping from composition to a single endpoint. Its architecture separates molecular, material, dosage-form, physiological, absorption, and exposure layers while linking them through explicitly defined state, flux, boundary-condition, and uncertainty interfaces. Mechanistic constraints and pharmaceutical knowledge may be incorporated without assuming that physical admissibility establishes causal correctness or prospective validity. The central contribution is an evidence-organizing architecture that distinguishes prediction from mechanism, concentration from mass flux, model confidence from calibrated uncertainty, and benchmark performance from pharmaceutical usefulness. The proposed construct may support more interpretable formulation hypotheses, cross-scale experimental planning, and identification of the scale at which a formulation-development assumption fails. However, it is not an empirically validated predictive system, universal formulation ontology, clinical decision tool, regulatory framework, or autonomous optimization platform. Its value depends on route-specific implementation, temporally aligned evidence, transparent provenance, applicability assessment, and prospective experimental evaluation.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
                <kwd>Multiscale pharmaceutics</kwd>
                <kwd>Formulation learning</kwd>
                <kwd>Excipient interactions</kwd>
                <kwd>Material organization</kwd>
                <kwd>Dosage-form transformation</kwd>
                <kwd>Physiological transport</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>