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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Pharmacophore</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pharmacophorejournal.com</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pharmacophore</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Pharmacophore</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2229-5402</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">pharmacophorejournal.com-6867</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51847/sl0aA46GiU</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original research</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Digital-Twin Framework for Continuous Manufacturing Using PAT Signals and Critical Quality Attributes</article-title>
      </title-group>
                    <contrib-group>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Müller</surname>
                <given-names>Andreas</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                                            <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp" />
                          </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Weber</surname>
                <given-names>Stefan</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Hoffmann</surname>
                <given-names>Julia</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Schneider</surname>
                <given-names>Lukas</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Klein</surname>
                <given-names>Tobias</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                  </contrib-group>
                  <aff id="aff1">
            <label>1</label>Department of Pharmaceutical Data Engineering, Faculty of Pharmacy, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff2">
            <label>2</label>Department of Intelligent Drug Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
          </aff>
                          <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
              <bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. Wael Abu Dayyih, Department of
              Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan.
                              E-mail: <email xlink:href="andreas.mueller@gmail.com">andreas.mueller@gmail.com</email>
                          </corresp>
          </author-notes>
                    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>16</volume>
      <issue>4</issue>
      <fpage>32</fpage>
      <lpage>41</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>
          Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Pharmacophore
        </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"
            specific-use="textmining" content-type="ccbyncsalicense">
            https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
            the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
            others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate
            credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>A<sc>BSTRACT</sc></title>
        <p>Continuous manufacturing is transforming pharmaceutical production by replacing segmented batch operations with integrated, dynamic process trains, which necessitates quality assurance tools that operate continuously rather than relying primarily on end-product release testing. Current control strategies often interpret PAT measurements as isolated trends rather than as part of a connected process state, limiting their ability to anticipate how interacting material attributes, process parameters, and sensor signals shape final product quality. To address this, a digital-twin framework is proposed that ingests multivariate PAT signals, updates a hybrid predictive model, and continuously estimates critical quality attributes in real time, supporting proactive control and real-time release decision-making. The framework integrates a PAT data fusion module, a hybrid physics-informed machine-learning predictor, a digital-twin state estimator, a model drift monitor, and an MES-integrated control advisor, operating as a regulated decision-support architecture rather than an autonomous release mechanism. By enhancing visibility into evolving process quality, enabling early detection of deviations, and helping operators evaluate corrective actions before quality risk becomes material, this approach could also strengthen documentation for real-time release testing through traceable links between sensor data, model predictions, and control recommendations. Overall, an integrated digital-twin framework has the potential to advance the reliability and efficiency of continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing, provided it is implemented with rigorous validation, disciplined model lifecycle management, and alignment with regulatory expectations for predictive quality systems.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
                <kwd>Digital twin</kwd>
                <kwd>Continuous manufacturing</kwd>
                <kwd>Process analytical Technology</kwd>
                <kwd>Critical quality attributes</kwd>
                <kwd>Hybrid modeling</kwd>
                <kwd>Real-time release</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>