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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Pharmacophore</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pharmacophorejournal.com</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pharmacophore</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Pharmacophore</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2229-5402</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">pharmacophorejournal.com-6890</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51847/ui4CjpMQMF</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original research</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Predicting Inhaled Drug Deposition Using Particle Aerodynamics, Device Resistance, and Inspiratory Flow</article-title>
      </title-group>
                    <contrib-group>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Brown</surname>
                <given-names>George</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Taylor</surname>
                <given-names>Michael</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                                            <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp" />
                          </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Wilson</surname>
                <given-names>Sarah</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff2" ref-type="aff">2</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>Harris</surname>
                <given-names>Olivia</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                        </contrib>
                  </contrib-group>
                  <aff id="aff1">
            <label>1</label>Department of AI-Based Pharmaceutical Systems, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
          </aff>
                  <aff id="aff2">
            <label>2</label>Department of Computational Drug Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
          </aff>
                          <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
              <bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. Wael Abu Dayyih, Department of
              Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan.
                              E-mail: <email xlink:href="michael.taylor@outlook.com">michael.taylor@outlook.com</email>
                          </corresp>
          </author-notes>
                    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>04</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>17</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>44</fpage>
      <lpage>53</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>
          Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Pharmacophore
        </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"
            specific-use="textmining" content-type="ccbyncsalicense">
            https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
            the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
            others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate
            credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>A<sc>BSTRACT</sc></title>
        <p>Inhaled drug delivery is central to treating respiratory diseases because it can place therapy near the intended pulmonary site of action. However, predictable lung deposition remains difficult because particle properties, device performance, and patient breathing behavior interact in non-linear ways. Current development workflows often treat in-vitro aerosol testing and in-vivo imaging as separate sources of evidence. This separation limits the ability to forecast regional deposition from the combined effects of formulation, device, and patient variables. The objective is to develop a machine learning model that predicts regional lung deposition of inhaled drugs. The model is designed to integrate particle aerodynamic parameters, device resistance characteristics, and patient inspiratory flow profiles. A gradient-boosted regression model is conceptually trained on combined cascade impaction outputs, device resistance descriptors, inspiratory flow waveforms, and deposition fractions from imaging or computational simulations. The model outputs predicted deposition for clinically relevant lung regions. Conceptually, the model could forecast the fine-particle dose reaching the central and peripheral airways for a given patient profile and inhalation device. It could also identify whether particle size, device resistance, or inspiratory flow is expected to dominate the deposition outcome. Such a model could accelerate inhaled product development by supporting virtual bioequivalence assessment and personalized device–formulation selection. It would provide a structured bridge between aerosol characterization, patient physiology, and regional lung delivery.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
                <kwd>Inhaled drug deposition</kwd>
                <kwd>Predictive modeling</kwd>
                <kwd>Particle aerodynamics</kwd>
                <kwd>Device resistance</kwd>
                <kwd>Inspiratory flow</kwd>
                <kwd>Machine learning</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>