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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="iso-abbrev">Pharmacophore</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">pharmacophorejournal.com</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Pharmacophore</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Pharmacophore</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2229-5402</issn>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">pharmacophorejournal.com-6795</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.51847/xSYdaJFAdc</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original research</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Gender Differences in Body Mass Index and Breakfast Skipping among School Children. Meta-analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
                    <contrib-group>
                      <contrib contrib-type="author">
              <name>
                <surname>AlBishi</surname>
                <given-names>Laila Ahmed</given-names>
              </name>
                              <xref rid="aff1" ref-type="aff">1</xref>
                                                            <xref rid="cor1" ref-type="corresp" />
                          </contrib>
                  </contrib-group>
                  <aff id="aff1">
            <label>1</label>Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk City, Saudi Arabia.
          </aff>
                          <author-notes>
            <corresp id="cor1">
              <bold>Address for correspondence:</bold> Prof. Wael Abu Dayyih, Department of
              Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-Karak 61710, Jordan.
                              E-mail: <email xlink:href="lalbishi@ut.edu.sa">lalbishi@ut.edu.sa</email>
                          </corresp>
          </author-notes>
                    <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>16</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2024</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>15</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>30</fpage>
      <lpage>35</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>
          Copyright: &#x000a9; 2026 Pharmacophore
        </copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"
            specific-use="textmining" content-type="ccbyncsalicense">
            https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</ali:license_ref>
          <license-p>This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of
            the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows
            others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate
            credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>A<sc>BSTRACT</sc></title>
        <p>Breakfast skipping and obesity are common among children, and co-existing might have deleterious consequences. Investigating gender-related differences is important for an effective intervention. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to assess gender differences in body mass index and breakfast skipping among Saudi children. PubMed, MEDLINE, EBSCO, and the first 100 articles from Google Scholar were searched from inception up to November 2023. The keywords used were breakfast skipping, breakfast intake, body mass index, obesity, overweight, screening time, sleep duration, and Saudi Arabia. An Excel sheet including the study type, region of publication, year of publication, breakfast consumption among males and females, the number of participants, and body mass index was used for data extraction. Five studies included 4922 schoolchildren from different regions of Saudi Arabia. There were no differences between males and females regarding breakfast intake, either when breakfast was percentages or mean± SD. Odd ratio: 0.09, 95% CI: -0.06-0.25, P-value for overall effect: 0.25, and odd ratio: 1.10, 95% CI: 0.80-1.53, P-value for overall effect: 0.56. Body mass index was higher among males and compared to their female counterparts, but did not amount to statistical significance. P-value, 0.09; Odd ratio, -1.28.09; 95% CI, -2.78–0.22. No differences were evident between males and females regarding breakfast intake and body mass index among Saudi schoolchildren; further studies investigating sleep patterns, texting, and their relationship to obesity are recommended.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
                <kwd>Breakfast skipping</kwd>
                <kwd>Breakfast intake</kwd>
                <kwd>Body mass index</kwd>
                <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
                <kwd>Schoolchildren</kwd>
                <kwd>Saudi Arabia</kwd>
              </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
</article>